Academic References - Page 2

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TOWN

Town Planning

• Muslim city design and morphology
  - Abu-Lughod, J.'(1987) 'The Islamic City: Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance', in International Journal of Nfiddle East Studies, Vol. 19, pp. 155-176.
  - Al-Sayyad, N. (I 991)' Cities and Caliphs; on the Genesis of Arab Muslim Urbanism', Greenwood Press. Westport, USA.
  - Fischel, I.W. (1956)' The City in Islam', in Middle Eastern Affairs, Vol.7, pp.227-232.
• Public lighting and litter collection in Cordoba
  - Scott, S. P(1904), ‘History of the Moorish Empire in Europe’, 3 vols; J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London.
  - Artz F.B. (1980), ‘The Mind of the Middle Ages’; Third edition revised; The University of Chicago Press, pp 148-50.

Architecture

• The Muslim origin of the rose window
  - Otto von Simpson (1956), ‘The Gothic cathedral, Origins of Gothic architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order’, 3rd ed. 1988, Princeton University Press, USA.
• Influence of Muslim architecture in France
  - Fikri, A. (1934) `l’Art Roman du Puy et les Influences Islamiques’, Université de Paris. This excellent work is published in a PhD thesis which was devoted to the influence of Muslim art and architecture on southern France, particularly in Auvergne region.

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Arches

• Moorish horseshoe in Britain
  - Klingender, Francis Donald (1968), ‘Art and the Industrial Revolution’, edited and revised by Arthur Elton, Revised ed., Kelley, New York. p.124
• How the pointed arch reached England
  - Cochrane, L. (1994) `Adelard of Bath, the first English Scientist’, British Museum Press, p.66.

Vaults

• The impact of Muslim rib vaulting
  - Street, G.E. (1865) `Gothic architecture in Spain’, John Murray, London.
  - Lambert, E. (1958), ‘Art Musulman et Art Chretien dans la Peninsul Iberique’, Editions Privat, Paris.
  - Choisy, A. (1899) `Histoire de l'Architecture', 2 /vols, Gauthier Villars, Paris.

The Dome

• The bulbous dome and its trail
  - Wolfgang Born (1943) `The Origin and the Distribution of the Bulbous Dome’, in Journal of the American Society of Architectural Historians, vol 3, No.4, pp.32-48.

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Christopher Wren (and Muslim influence on English Gothic)

• Wren, Christopher, the Junior (1675-1747), ‘Parentalia: or, Memoirs of the family of the Wrens’, viz. of Mathew Bishop, printed for T. Osborn; and R. Dodsley, London, 1750.
  Harvey, J. (1973), ‘the Master builders’, Thames and Hudson, London,

The Spire Tower

• Tower were introduced after the Muslim type
  - Warton, T. et al. (1808) `Essays on Gothic Architecture', 3rd edition. London.

Muslim Architecture in the World

• The influence of Muslim architecture in Spain
  - Street, G.E. (1865) `Gothic architecture in Spain’, John Murray, London.
  - Dodds, J.D. (1994) `Architecture and Ideology in early Medieval Spain’, Pennsylvania State University Press, USA.
• The influence of Muslim architecture in England
  - Sweetman, John (1987), ‘The oriental obsession : Islamic inspiration in British and American art and architecture 1500-1920’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• The influence of Muslim architecture in France
  - Lambert, E. (1958), ‘Art Musulman et Art Chretien dans la Peninsul Iberique’, Editions Privat, Paris.
  - Male, E. ((1928), ‘Art et Artistes du Moyen Age’, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris.

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Bookshops

• Al-Fihrist
  - Dodge B. (1970), ‘The Fihrist of al-Nadim. A tenth century survey of Muslim culture’, Columbia Records of Civilisation: Sources and Studies, No LXXXIII, 2 Vols, New York and London; 1970.
• Muslim book production as compared to Western one
  - Sardar, Z. and Davies, M.W. (1990), ‘Distorted Imagination’, Grey Seal Books, London, pp. 96-7.

Public Baths

• Roman baths
  - Fikret Yegül (1992) `Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity' The Architectural History Foundation,. New York.
• Introduction of Ottoman baths into England/Europe
  - Aubrey John (ed.) (1949). ‘ Brief lives; Life of Sir Henry Blount’, Brief lives, London edited from the original manuscripts by Oliver Lawson Dick Secker and Warburg, London, pp.25-27, at p.26.
  - Danby Miles, (1995), ‘Moorish style’, Phaidon, London.

The Tent

• Tent of King Louis 14th
  - Levey, Michael, (1975), ‘The world of Ottoman art’, Thames and Hudson, London, p.55.
• Tents in England
  - Sweetman, John (1987), ‘The oriental obsession : Islamic inspiration in British and American art and architecture 1500-1920’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge pp.68-70.
  - Conner, Patrick, (1979),`Oriental Architecture in the West’, Thames and Hudson, London, p.68

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Kiosk

• Lady Wortley Montagu commenting on kiosks
  - Halsband, R. (1965 edn.), ‘The complete letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Garden

• Garden Design
  - Clark, Emma (1996), ‘Underneath which Rivers Flow: the Symbolism of the Islamic Garden’. Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, London.
  - Petruccioli, Attilio (ed) (1997), ‘Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires: Theory and Design’. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill,.
• Andalusian and Muslim gardens/ general
  - Scott, S. P(1904), ‘History of the Moorish Empire in Europe’, 3 vols; J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London, p. 605.
  - MacDougall, E.B. and. Ettinghausen, R (1976), ‘The Islamic Garden’,  Dumbarton Oaks; Washington.
• How the Tulip reached Europe
  - Lane, A. (1957), ‘Later Islamic Pottery, Persia, Syria, Egypt, Turkey’, Faber and Faber, p.51.
   

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WORLD

Planet Earth

• Ptolemy estimated the longitude of the fixed stars to be about 1° per century, or 36 seconds annually
  - Richard P. Aulie (1994), Al-Ghazali Contra Aristotle: An Unforeseen Overture to Science In Eleventh-Century Baghdad’, PSCF 45 (March 1994): 26-46.
• al-Battani and Ibn Yunus figures of longitude and rotation
  - Ibid.
• the Earth's tilt according to al-Khujandi measured 23°32'19".
  - Ibid.
• Al-Maamun’s length of the terrestrial degree
  - Kettani M. (1984), ‘A. Science and technology in Islam: the underlying value system’, in Ziauddin Sardar. edt: The Touch of Midas; Science, values, and environment in Islam and the West. Manchester University Press; pp 66-90 at p. 75.
• Al-Biruni discussing the theory of earth rotation on its own axis
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York, p. 244.
• Ibn Hazm, on the earth being round
  - Ibn Hazm:, 1899 and 1903 Kitab al-fassl fi'l-milal wa-l-ahwa wa-l-nihal, Cairo, vol. 2 pp 985

Surveying

• Roman’s lack of triangulation
  - Glick, T.(1979), ‘Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages’, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p.228.
• 'Geometria’in Ripoll
  - Ibid.

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Earth Science

• The contribution of Ibn Sina’s ‘The Book of Cure’ and its influence on Europe
  - Adams, F. D., (1938). ‘The birth and development of geological sciences’. First published by Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 506 P.  Reprinted in paper pack by Dover Publication, New York, 1954. p.333-335.
• Earth Science is spherical and not flat
  - Richard P. Aulie (1994), Al-Ghazali Contra Aristotle: An Unforeseen Overture to Science In Eleventh-Century Baghdad’, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (PSCF) 45 (March 1994): 26-46.

Natural Phenomena

• Ibn Hazm quote about astrology
  - Ibn Hazm: Kitab al-fisal fi'l-milal wa-l-ahwa wa-l-nihal, 5 parts in two vols;  Cairo, 1899 and 1903; Vol I, p.17.
• Al-Biruni on the height of ebbs of tides and other natural phenomena
  - Said and A.Z. Khan H.M.(1981), ‘AL-Biruni, His Times, Life and Works’; Hamdard Academy, Pakistan, p. 127.
• Al-Kindi on the blueness of the sky and his quotes
  - Dunlop, D.M. (1975), ‘Arab Civilization’, Librairie du Liban, pp 226-7.
• Ibn al-Haitham on the size of moon and sun near the horizon
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York, p. 288.
• Al-Farsisi and the Rainbows
  - Anawati, G. (1970), ‘Science’, in The Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2, edt P.M. Holt, A.K.S. Lambton, and B. Lewis, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp 741-779. pp 755-6.

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Geography

• Geography
  - Skelion, R.A. (1964), ‘History of Cartography’, London 1964, p. 209.
• Al-Muqaddasi’s work in geography
  - Dunlop, D.M. (1975), ‘Arab Civilization’, Librairie du Liban, p. 166.
• Al-Bakri contribution
  - Datuk Dr. Syed Othman Alhabshi (2001),‘Mapping the World’, in Muslimheritage.com http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=217
• Al-Idrisi, his silver globe, calculation of earth circumference and works
  - Artz F.B. (1980), ‘The Mind of the Middle Ages’; Third edition revised; The University of Chicago Press, p. 169.
  - Kimble: G.H. T.  (1938), ‘Geography in the Middle Ages’; Methuen &Co Ltd; London;. p. 57.

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Maps

• Piri Re’is and his discovered maps
  - Kahle P. (1932), ‘The lost Columbus map of 1498 : discovered in a Turkish map of the world of 1513, Aligarh Muslim University Journal, vol. 2, no. 2
• Piri Re’is inclusion of Antarctica in his maps
  - Paul F. Hoye and Paul Lunde (1980), ‘Piri Reis and the Hapgood Hypotheses’, ARAMCO World, vol.31, number 1, January-Februray 1980
• Piri Re’is description of Greenland, northern Atlantic and Venezuela
  - Kahle P. (1932), ‘The lost Columbus map of 1498 : discovered in a Turkish map of the world of 1513, Aligarh Muslim University Journal, vol. 2, no. 2

Travellers and Explorers

• Ibn Battuta
  - Tim Mackintosh-Smith (2003), ‘The Travels of Ibn Battutah’, Picador.
• Aby Zayd’s work
  - Reinaud, J.T (1845), ‘Relations de Voyages faites par les Arabes et les persans dans l'Inde et a la Chine dans le IX siecle de l'Ere Chretienne’, Imprimerie Royale, Paris: 2 Vols (vol i);
• The movement of boats around China
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York, p. 208.
• Al-Muqaddasi’s work
  - J.H. Kramers: Analecta Orientalia, i, 182-3, in D.M. Dunlop: Arab Civilisation, op cit, pp 166-7. 
• Muslim explorers, general
  - Ferrand Gabriel (1913), ‘Relations de voyages et textes geographiques Arabes’ 2 vols, Paris, Ernest Leroux.

Navigation

• Ibn Majid
  - Nafis Ahmed, (1982), ‘Muslim Contribution to Geography’, Adam Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. 
• Priri Re’is contribution in his bookThe Naval Handbook
  - oucek, S. ‘A Propos du livre d’instructions nautiques de Piri Reis’, Revue d’Etudes Islamiques, Vol 41, pp 241-55, at p. 242.
  - Soucek S.(1995), ‘Piri Reis’, in Encyclopaedia of Islam,  New edition, , Vol VIII,  Leiden, Brill, pp 308-9.

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Sea Exploration

•  Zheng He’s legacy
  - Lavathes, Louise, (1994), ‘When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405-1433’. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England and New York.
  - Needham, Joseph (1971), ‘Science and Civilization in China’, 4 Volumes. Cambridge University Press, London, England and New York.
• Menzies Claim of Zheng He visiting the Americas
  - Menzies Gavin (2003), ‘1421 The Year China Discovered the World’, Bantam Press, London.

Code Breaking and Cryptography

• Simon Singh (1999), ‘The Code Book. The Secret History of Codes and Code-Breaking’.
• Ibraham A. !992), ‘Al-Kindi: The origins of cryptology: The Arab contributions’, Crypto logia, vol.16, no 2 (April 1992) pp. 97-126.

Weaponry

• The cannon, Al-Ramah works,
  - Partington, J.R.(1999), ‘A history of Greek Fire and Gunpowder’, The John Hopkins University. Press,
• Torpedoes and rockets
  - Partington, J.R.(1999), ‘A history of Greek Fire and Gunpowder’, The John Hopkins University. Press,
  - Willey Ley (1958), ‘Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel’, The Viking Press,

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Castles and Keeps

• Round towers, Loopholes, barbican, machicolations and other features
  - Briggs, , M. S. (1931) `Architecture', in T. Arnold et al. (1931 eds), The Legacy of Islam, Oxford University Press. pp.155-179
  - Toy, S. (1939) `Castles', William Heinemann,  London.
  - Jairazbhoy, R. A. (Rafique Ali) , (1972),`An outline of Islamic architecture’,  Asia Publishing House, London, p.139.

Social Science and Economy

• Ibn Khaldun and the economic theory
  - Daniel, N. (1975), ‘The cultural barrier’, Edinburgh University Press, pp.121-2
  - Humphreys, R. S. (1980), ‘Muslim Historiography’, Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Charles Scribners and Sons, New York, vol 6, pp 250-5.
  - De Somogyi: The Development of Arab Historiography, in The Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol 3; pp 373-387; at p. 385
  - Myers, E. A. (1964), ‘Arabic Thought and the Western world’, Frederick Ungar Publishing, New York.

Post and Mail

• The story of cherries and pigeons
  - Glubb, J. 1973), ‘The story of the Mamlukes’,  Hodder and Stoughton, pp 86-87.

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UNIVERSE

Astronomy

• Al-Battani’s work
  - Morelon Regis(1996), ‘Eastern Arabic Astronomy’, R. Rashed (ed.), in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science,, 3 vols, Routledge, London and New York, pp 20-57.
  - G.M Wickens: The Middle East as a world centre of science and medicine; in Introduction to Islamic Civilisation, edited by R.M. Savory; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976; pp 111-8.
• Al-Biruni in Astronomy
  - Morelon Regis(1996), ‘Eastern Arabic Astronomy’, R. Rashed (ed.), in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science,, 3 vols, Routledge, London and New York,  p. 52.
• Ibn yunus contribution
  - Ronan, C. (1983), ‘Arabian Science’, in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s Science; Cambridge University Press, p. 214.
• The work of al-Sufi
  - Ronan, C. (1983), ‘Arabian Science’, in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s Science; Cambridge University Press, pp 201-44., p. 213.
• Al-Farghali’s work
  - Ronan, C. (1983), ‘Arabian Science’, in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s Science; Cambridge University Press, p. 207.
• Al-Zarqali
  - De Vaux (Baron Carra) (1934), ‘Astronomy and mathematics’, in Sir Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume eds., The Legacy of Islam, first edition, Oxford University Press, pp 376-97.
• Jabir ibn Aflah
  - Lorch, R.P. (1976), ‘The Astronomical Instruments of Jabir Ibn Aflah and the Torquetom’, Centaurus, vol 20; pp 11-34.
• Ibn al-Shatir
  - Pedersen O.(1974), ‘Early Physics and astronomy’, Cambridge University Press.
• Ibn Rushd and other Muslims discoveries of Sunspots
  - Vaquero, J. M. and Gallego, M. C (2002) ‘A naked-eye observation of a sunspot by Ibn Rushd’ Astronomy & Geophysics, Volume 43, Number 2, pp.28-29.
  - Vaquero, J. M. and Gallego, M. C (2002) ‘Evidence for a sunspot of A. D. 939 in an Arabian Source’, Solar Physics, volume 206, number 1, pp. 209-211.
  - Vaquero, J. M. and Gallego, M. C (2201), ‘Two early observations of aurora at low latitudes’, in Annales Geophysicae, Volume 19, pp. 809–811
  - Vaquero, J. M. and Gallego, M. C and Garcia, J.A. (2002), ‘A 250-year cycle in naked-eye observations of sunspots’, Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 29, Issue 20, pp. 58-1
  - UNESCO Courier, Oct 1988. ‘The observation of sunspots - history of Chinese science’

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Observatories

• al-Shammasiyah, astronomers
  - Hartner,  W. (1977), ‘ The Role of Observations in ancient and medieval astronomy; in The Journal of History of Astronomy; Vol 8; pp 1-11.
• Maragha observatory
  Micheau Francoise (1996), ‘The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East, in R. Rashed ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, in 3 Vols; Routledge, London and New York: vol 3, pp. 985-1007 at p.1003.
• Samarqand observatory
  - Ronan, C. (1983), ‘Arabian Science’, in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s Science; Cambridge University Press, pp 201-44.,. p 223.
  - Aydin Sayili (2005), ‘Observatories in Islam’, Muslimheritage.com, FSTC, republished from International symposium on the Observatories in Islam 19-23 September 1977, (ed. M. Dizer), Istanbul 1980, pp. 21-32
• Taqi al-Din observatory
  - Aydin Sayili (1960), ‘The Observatory in Islam’, Turkish Historical Society, Ankara.
  - Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Science and Civilisation in Islam (The Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 1987
• Planetarium made by ibn Firnas
  - Glick, T. (1979), ‘Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages’, Princeton University Press, New Jerzey, p.241
  - Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, 25:1.
  - Levi Provincal, E. (1950), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, Vol.1. Maison neuve, Paris, p.274.

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Astronomical Instruments

• Jabir Ibn Aflah produced the portable celestial sphere
  - Emilie Savage-Smith, (1992), ‘Celestial Mapping’, in (ed.) J. B. Harvey and David Woodward The History of Cartography 2, Book 1. University of Chicago Press. p.23
• Muslim Astronomical Instruments
  - King, David A, (1997), ‘Astronomical Instruments in the Islamic World’, (ed. ) Selin Helaine, “Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western cultures”, Kluwer Academic.
• Celestial Globes
  - Emilie Savage-Smith, (1992), ‘Celestial Mapping’, in (ed.) J. B. Harvey and David Woodward The History of Cartography 2, Book 1. University of Chicago Press. p.12-69.
  - Harvey, J. B.  and Woodward David (1992), ‘The History of Cartography’, vol. 2, Book 1. University of Chicago Press, pp.41-45..

Astrolabe

• Arabic learning, including that of the astrolabe reaching Europe through Spain
  - The Planispheric Astrolabe, p.9
• The function of the astrolabe
  - Glick, T. (1979), ‘Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages’, Princeton University Press, New Jerzey.
• Mariner astrolabes were developed by the Portuguese
  - The Planispheric Astrolabe, p.8
• The universal astrolabe
  - Baron Carra de Vaux:  Astronomy and Mathematics in The Legacy of Islam; Sir T. Arnold and A. Guillaume edt; Oxford; 1931;  p. 394.
  - King, D. (1983), ‘The Astronomy of the Mamluks’; ISIS vol 74; pp 531-55.  

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Armillary Sphere

• King, David A, (1997), ‘Astronomical Instruments in the Islamic World’, (ed. ) Selin Helaine, “Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western cultures”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London. pp.86-89.
• Evans, J. (1986), ‘The Armillary Sphere’, Seattle : University of Washington Press.

The Moon

• Al-Busjani and the inequality of the moon motion
  - Williams Henry Smith (1999), ‘A History of Science’, World Wide School, Seattle, Washington,  Volume 2.
• Al-Biruni and the location of the qibla from every part of the world
  - Saliba, G. ( 1982), ‘Al-Biruni’, Dictionary of Middle Ages; Edt Joseph Strayer; Vol 2. Charles Scribner’s Sons, new York. pp. 248-52.

Lunar Formations

• Muhammad R. Mirza and Muhammad Iqbal Siddiqui, (1986), ‘Muslim Contribution to Science’.Kazi Publications, Lahore.

Stars

• Al-Sufi on Astronomy
  - Ronan, C. (1983), ‘Arabian Science’, in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s Science; Cambridge University Press, pp 201-44., p. 213.
• Al-Sufi and description of Andromeda and various constellations
  - Richard Hinckley Allen, (1899), ‘Star-Names and their Meanings’, G.E. Stechert. Reprinted as: Star Names, their Lore and Meaning. Dover Publications, New York, 1963.
  - Kenneth Glyn Jones, (1968), ‘The Search for the Nebulae – I’. Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Vol. 78, No. 4 (1968), p. 256-267. Section on Al Sufi: p. 263-266. Reprinted in: The Search for the Nebulae. Chalfont St. Giles, 1975.
  - Schjellerup, H.C.F.C.  (1874), ‘Descriptions des Étoiles Fixes ... par l'astronome Persan, Abd-al-Rachman al-Sûfi’,  St. Petersburg.

Flight

• Abbas Ibn Firnas flight
  - Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, 25:1.
  - Levi Provincal, E. (1950), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, Vol.1. Maison neuve, Paris, p.274.
  - Durant, Will (9967) ‘The Story of Civilisation’, Simon and Schuster, New York, vol.13, p.295.
• Turkish Flight attempts
  - Philip Hitti (10th edition, 1970), ‘History of the Arabs’ -, MacMillan & Co.Ltd, London

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