Image Credits
List of credits and sources for images used in the 1001 Inventions Exhibition.
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Unit Number | Image Position | Caption & Description | Credits |
W101 | Bottom Left |
MAP-MAKING-Drawn by Piri Re’is, this is the oldest-survivingdetailed map showing the Americas. To make it,he used Arab and Portuguese maps, along withone of Christopher Columbus’s own maps, now lost. |
© Courtesy of Topkapi Palace Library , Istanbul |
W101 | Bottom Right |
MAP-MAKING - Some of the best eyewitness accounts of the medieval world came from Muslim geographersand travellers who kept detailed diaries as they journeyed. Illustration of Zheng He |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
W103 | Bottom Left |
AL-IDRISI’S WORLD MAP - Al-Idrisi made many maps while working for the King of Sicily in the 1100s, including this world map that includes India, Arabia, Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe and northern Africa. |
Bodleian Library (MS Pocoke) |
W105 | Centre |
World/Rotating Map |
Bodleian Library (MS Pocoke) |
W201 | Top Right |
ALL AROUND THE WORLD -Today we know the Earth is a slightlyflattened sphere, spinning on its axisand orbiting the Sun. |
This credit doesn’t exist in the book i.e. p238 |
W201 | Bottom Right |
ALL AROUND THE WORLD - Scholars once used sophisticated astrolabes to help assess height and distance. Measuring and charting the Earth’s features was a key aim of mathematical geography. |
© National Maritime Museum, London |
W301 | Top Right |
SEA AND SKY - Scholar Al-Biruni spent years in India, where, among other investigations, he studied tidesin Somnath, a town on the Arabian Sea. |
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W301 | Bottom Right |
SEA AND SKY - Al-Kindi studied music as part of the mathematical sciences and helped to improve the instrument called the lute. He also developed coded writing, and invented decoding methods, such as frequency analysis, similar to those used centuries later in more complex forms during the Second World War in German Enigma machines. Illustration of Al Kindi |
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W302 | Top Left |
LIGHT WORK -We see a rainbow when sunlight is split into its component colours by raindrops. |
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W302 | Bottom Left |
LIGHT WORK - The story goes that after Ibn al-Haytham declinedto perform an impossible task for the ruling caliphin Egypt, he escaped punishment by pretendingto be mad. Kept under house arrest, he freelycontinued his investigations. Illustration of Al-Kindi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
W401 | Top Right |
EARTH SCIENCE - Gems and precious stones fascinated the ancient Egyptians, Persians, Indians, Chinese and Greeks. |
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W401 | Bottom Right |
EARTH SCIENCE - Al-Biruni worked as the chief scholar to Mahmud of Ghazna, ruler of northern India. He wrote a famous book, Chronicles of India, about the country’s geology and geography, correctly describing how the basin of the River Ganges must have formed through sedimentation. |
© Hussein Gouda www.egyphome.net |
W402 | Top Left |
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT -Ibn Hazm told his readers that the stars have no mind or soul, and can’t tell the future, but that the Sun’s heat has a positive physical effect on Earth |
© Princess Wijdan Fawaz Al – Hashemi |
W402 | Bottom Left |
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT - In his writings, Ibn Sina proposed new ideas in geology and meteorology, including how mountains form, and where clouds come from. |
© Saudi Aramco World/PADIA (Michael Winn) |
W601 | Middle Left |
ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET - A celebrated figure in China, the Muslim admiralZheng He had a fleet whose largest ships were five times bigger than those of Columbus, who sailed decades later. Illustration of Zheng He. |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
W601 | Bottom Right |
ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET - Historical accounts record that Zheng He and his fleets used this navigation chart as they recorded their routes on voyage. |
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W701 | Top Left |
WORLD VIEW - In the 15th century, Chinese Muslim Zheng He brought back live giraffes from an epic voyage to east Africa. |
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WORLD VIEW -… that travellers’ stories of sailors being chased by a giant bird on a tropical island helped inspire classicbooks like the One Thousand and One Nights? Illustration of Al – Kindi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com | ||
W702 | Top Right |
MEET ABBAS IBN FIRNAS – Illustration of Abbas Ibn Firnas |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
W702 | Bottom Left |
MEET ABBAS IBN FIRNAS - Artistic impression of Abbas ibn Firnas and his successful 9th-century flight. |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
W801 | Top Right |
TRIP OF A LIFETIME - Travellers might join up into caravans while en route to Mecca on pilgrimage, as is shown in this 13th-centurymanuscript of the classical Arabic work of literature Maqamat al-Hariri. |
© Bibliothèque Nationale de France |
W801 | Bottom Right |
TRIP OF A LIFETIME - A modern-day camel caravan crossing the desert. |
© Saudi Aramco World/PADIA (Khalil Abou El-Nasr) |
W802 | Top Left |
INCREDIBLE JOURNEY - On his epic journey in which he visited and lived in 40 modern-day countries, Ibn Battuta made the pilgrimage to Mecca four times. |
© Saudi Aramco World/PADIA (Khalil Abou El-Nasr) |
W802 | Bottom Left |
INCREDIBLE JOURNEY - Ibn Battuta spent 29 years travelling and recording his experiences – returning home to find many family members had been lost in the meantime to the plague. Illustration of Ibn Battuta. |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
W902 | Centre | MANY SCHOLARS, MANY FAITHS - CHRISTIAN, JEWISH, MUSLIM AND SABEAN – DURING MUSLIM CIVILISATION, MEN AND WOMEN OF MANY FAITHS WORKED TOGETHER ON NEW DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS. | Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
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Unit Number | Image Position | Caption & Description | Credits |
U101 | Top Right |
STAR GAZING - Like Gemini, the ancient names of many constellations recall Babylonian and Greek legends, and many of the stars themselves have Arabic names. |
Courtesy of Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul |
U101 | Bottom Left |
STAR GAZING - in his book, Al-Sufi included two drawings of each constellation, one as seen from Earth and another as if seen from outside the sphere of the heavens, with stars and constellations set on it. Illustration of Ijiya Al – Astrulabi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U102 | Top Left |
STAR SIGNS - The constellation Perseus contains the famous star Algol, from the Arabic al-Ghul, which means ‘the ghoul’ or ‘the demon star’. |
Courtesy of Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul |
U102 | Bottom Left |
STAR SIGNS - The 10th-century Persian astronomer Al-Sufi was the first astronomer to mention the Andromeda galaxy, calling it the ‘little cloud’. Illustration of Ijiya al – Astrulabi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U201 | Bottom Left |
UNIVERSAL TRUTHS - The 16th-century astronomer Taqi al-Din installed huge versions of tools, like this great sextant, to increase the accuracy of measurements made in his observatory in Istanbul. |
© University Library, Istanbul |
U202 | Bottom Right |
MEET THE ASTROLABE -MAKER - AL-IJLIYA – ASTRULABI. Illustration of jiya al – Astrulabi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U301 | Top Right |
SEEING STARS - From the 9th-century, astronomers of the Muslim world had large observatories from which they could study the stars. |
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U301 | Bottom Right |
SEEING STARS - Chinese records inform us that an astronomer called Jamal al-Din, who was linked to the 13th-century Maragha Observatory, visited the Imperial court in Beijing in 1267 and brought with him several astronomical instruments. He became famous in China and was known as Cha-ma-lu-ting. Illustration of Zheng He |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U302 | Top Left |
FROM EASTTO WEST - In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus first proposed the Sun-centred solar system, replacing the idea that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. He drew on a rich heritage of astronomical ideas and data, including writings by Al-Battani and Ibn al-Shatir, along with instruments developed in observatories in Muslim lands. |
© Anna Pietrzak; Nicholaus Copernicus Museum |
U302 | Bottom Left |
FROM EASTTO WEST - Al-Battani, known in the West as Albategnius, wrote influential astronomical works in the 10th century and measured the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds long. Illustration of Ijiya Al – Astrulabi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U401 | Bottom Left |
THE LUNAR CALENDAR - The phases of the Moon, shown here in a composite photograph, govern the Muslim hijri calendar. |
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U401 | Bottom Right |
THE LUNAR CALENDAR - Many of the Moon’s topographic features are named after famous astronomers of Muslim civilisation, including a mountainous ring called Azophi after Al-Sufi and an impact crater called Albategnius after Al-Battani. Illustration of Ijiya Al – Astrulabi |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U403 | Bottom Left |
MOON MATHS -The Moon has a circular plain called Thebit after the 9th-century astronomer Thabit ibn Qurra who wrote scientific books and edited Arabic translations of Greek and Syriac works. Illustration of Al – kindi. |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U403 | Bottom Right |
MOON MATHS - Muslim astronomers developed new mathematical ways to forecast the Moon’s phases accurately. This painting comes from a 16th-century Persianmanuscript called Wonders of Creation by Al-Qazwini. |
© By Permission of the British Library |
U201 | Right | BLAST OFF - Only twelve people have walked on the Moon, our nearest neighbour in space. | |
U602 | Top Left |
DREAMSOF FLIGHT- In the Book of Kings, poet Al-Firdawsi describes the tale of a king who tried to invade heaven on a flying throne |
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U602 | Bottom Left |
DREAMSOF FLIGHT- Artistic impression of Abbas ibn Firnas and his successful 9th-century flight. |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U701 | Top Right |
MAGIC GADGETS - The 12th-century scholar Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi invented the linear astrolabe, sometimes called the ‘Staff of Al-Tusi’, which was a simple wooden rod with graduated markings but without sights. It is shown here in a famous painting of Taqi al-Din’s 16th-century observatory. |
© University Library, Istanbul |
U701 | Bottom Right |
MAGIC GADGETS - Astrolabes help people navigate on land, using stars as reference points. According to the 10th-century astronomer Al-Sufi, an astrolabe could perform a thousand tasks useful in astronomy, astrology, navigation and surveying. |
© Saudi Aramco World/PADIA (Robert Azzi) |
U701 | Bottom Right |
MAGIC GADGETS - Spherical astrolabes were described in the Muslim world by 9th-century astronomer Al-Nayrizi, but they weren’t common as they were harder to make and use. Illustration of Ijiya Al – Astrulabi. |
Ali Hasan Amro/Muslimheritage.com |
U702 | Right |
A Collection Of Astrolabes |
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U801 | Right |
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS - The 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory in Uzbekistan had a sextant with a radius of over 40 metres – the world’s largest at the time – to help make accurate measurements of the altitude of stars. |
© Aga Khan Visual Archive, M.I.T (Hatice Yazar 1990) |
U802 | Top Left |
STARRY SPHERES - A tiny model of the Earth sits at the centre of this demonstration armillary sphere, shown in an engraving of 1732. |
© Courtesy of Suleymaniye Library, Istanbul |
U802 | Bottom Left |
STARRY SPHERES - Astronomers used observational armillary spheres to help make astronomical charts. |
© University Library, Istanbul |
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