Academic References

Academic References

The material used in 1001 inventions was thoroughly researched and academically checked against numerous reputable and referred works whether books, journal articles or research papers.  The 1001 Inventions book provided a short list of selected readings which the reader can refer to for further information.  The full comprehensive list of references, however, was not published to avoid complicating things for the reader as the book text was deigned for the general public and not for academics or specialists. In order to satisfy the concerns and critics of our respectable readers we produced this list separately which we put at your disposal below. 

 
Go to references for:
Home Zone
School Zone
Market Zone
Hospital Zone
Town Zone
World Zone
Universe Zone  

 

HOME  

Coffee

• Sufi Yemenis made qahwa
  - Hattox, R.S. (1988), ‘Coffee and Coffeehouses; the origin of a social beverage in the Medieval Near East’, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, p. 18
• Coffee and coffeehouses in England
  - Ellis, John (1774) ‘An Historical Account of Coffee with an Engraving, and Botanical Description of the Tree : To Which Are Added Sundry Papers Relative to Its Culture and Use, as an Article of Diet and of Commerce’. Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, London:.
  - Ellis Aytoun,(1956), ‘The Penny Universities: a history of the coffee houses’, Secker & Warburg, London
  - Arnold, N. and Patel, V. (1993), ‘Coffee is one of our favourite drinks.  Find out where it is grown and how it first came to this country’, The Guardian Education, September, 7th, 1993
• Coffee and coffee houses in Europe
  - Galland Antoine (1699), ‘de l’origine et du progrez du café’, edition originale J. Cavelier, La Bibliotheque, Coll. L’Ecrivain Voyageur, Paris, 1992.
  - Ukers, William H. (1935) ‘All about coffee’, 2nd Edition, The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company, New York.

Top

Clocks

• Clepsydra use in Egypt
  - Ahmad Y.Al-Hassan & Hill Donald R. (1986), ‘Islamic Technology’, Cambridge University Press and Unesco.
• Al-Jazari and clocks
  - Hill, Donald R. (1996), ‘A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times’, Routledge, p.224.
  - Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari, (ed.1974) ‘The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices’, Translated and annotated by Donald R. Hill, Dordrecht / D. Reidel, part II.

Chess

• History, Chaturanga and Shatranj
  - Murray H.J.R. (1913), ‘A history of Chess’, Clarendon Press, Oxford
• Chess history
  - Wieber, R (1972), ‘Das Schachspiel in der arabischen Literatur von den Anfaengen bis zur zweiten Haelfte es 16ten Jahrhunderts’, in Beitraege zur Sprach-und Kulturgeschichte des Orients, 22, University of Bonn.
• Transfer of Chess
  - Hans Ree (1999), ‘The Human Comedy of Chess’, Russell Enterprises

Cleanliness

• Soap making
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York, p..276.
• Al-Zahrawi on Cosmetics
  - Sherwood, F. Taylor (1957), ‘A History of Industrial chemistry’,  Heinmann, London, p. 141.
  - Dozy R (1972), ‘Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain’,   Frank Cass,  London.
  - Burckhardt Titus (1972), ‘Moorish Culture in Spain’ George Allen & Unwin, London.
• Shampooing
  - see article on BBC
• Al-Kindi on Cosmetics and perfume
  - Martin Levey (1973), ‘Early Arabic Pharmacology’, EJ Brill, Leiden.
  - Dunlop, D.M. (1975), ‘Arab Civilization’, Librairie du Liban, pp 229.
• Perfume general
  - Multhauf, R.P. (1993) 'The Origins of chemsitry', Gordon and Breach Science Publishers; London

Top

Trick Devices

• Banu Musa and Trick devices
  - Hill, D. (ed.1979), ‘The book of Ingenious Devices of Banu Musa,’, Dordrecht: Reidel.
  - Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan & Donald R. Hill "Islamic Technology", Cambridge University Press and Unesco, 1986.

Vision and Camera

• Al-Kindi and Vision
  - Durant, W.(950), ‘The Age of faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York; 6th printing.
  - Omar, S.B.(1977), ‘Ibn al-Haytham's Optics’: Bibliotheca Islamica; Chicago.
• Geronimo Cardano classification of al-Kindi as 12th mind
  - Myers, E. A. (1964): ‘Arabic Thought and the Western world’. Frederick Ungar Publishing, New York, p. 11.
• Quote about al-Kindi’s influence on Bacon
  - Dunlop, D.M. (1971), ‘Arab Civilisation 800-1500 A.D’, Longman Group Ltd, p 228.
• Ibn al-Haitham and vision
  - Omar, S.B.(1977), ‘Ibn al-Haytham's Optics’: Bibliotheca Islamica; Chicago.
  - Lindberg, D.C.(1983), ‘Studies in the History of medieval optics’, Varorium, London.
  - Lindberg, D.C. (1972), ‘Introduction: Optica Thesaurus: Alhazen and Witelo; editor: H. Woolf. Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York, London, p.15.
• Ibn al-Haitham camera obscura Using holes in Window shutters
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York; p. 288.
  - Baron Carra de Vaux (1921), ‘Les Penseurs de l'Islam’, vol 2, Librairie Paul Geuthner, p.249.

Top

Fine Dining

• 3 course meal Introduced by Ziryab
  - Levi Provincal, E. (1950), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, Vol.1. Maison neuve, Paris, p.274.
  - Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, vol.25: No.1.
• Seasonal Foods
  - Dozy, R(1881), ‘Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes’, E.J.Brill, Leyden [reprinted Beirut: Librarie du Liban, 1991].
• 3 Course Menu
  - An Anonymous Andalusian Cookbook
• crystal and glass
  - see Market references

Music

• Muslim influence on European music
  - Ribera, Julian (1970), ‘Music in ancient Arabia and Spain : being La Música de las Cuntigas’. Da Capo, New York .
  - Farmer, H.G. (1970) `Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence', Georg Olms Varlag, Hildesheim, New York.
  - Farmer, H.G. (1939), ‘Studies in Oriental music’, The Civic Press, Glasgow.
• Ziryab and his contribution to Music
  - Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, vol.25: No.1.
• Ziryab establishes the first conservatory
  - Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, vol.25: No.1.

Fashion and Style

• Ziryab and the Introduction of fashion and Style
  - Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, vol.25: No.1.
• Seasonal costumes
  - Dozy, R(1881), ‘Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes’, E.J.Brill, Leyden [reprinted Beirut: Librarie du Liban, 1991].
  - Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, vol.25: No.1.
• Cork shoes and technologies
  - Jaime Oliver Asín (1959), ‘Quercus en la España musulmana’, Al-Andalus, 24, pp. 125-181,
  Scott, S. P(1904), ‘History of the Moorish Empire in Europe’, 3 vols; J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London, Volume 3,  p. 65.

Top

Carpets

• Erasmus text
  - Cheyney, E.P. (1908)," Readings in English History", Ginn and Company, New York, pp. 316-317.
• Carpet in Hampton court
  - Victoria and Albert Museum (1920) ‘Guide to the Collection of Carpets’, HMSO, London, p.59.
• King Henry ownership of 400 carpets
  - King, D. (1983)`the inventories of the carpets of King Henry 8’, in Hali 5,pp.287-296.
• Nephew of William the Conqueror bringing carpet into England in 12th century
  - Boase, T. S. R. (Thomas Sherrer Ross), (1953), ‘English art, 1100-1216’, Clarendon Press, Oxford,, p. 170.
• Carpets in Paintings
  - Mills, J. (1975),‘Carpets in Pictures', Publications Department National Gallery, London, pp.4-5.
• English attempt to acquire a carpet industry
  - Victoria and Albert Museum (1920) ‘Guide to the Collection of Carpets’, HMSO, London,, p.62.
• Royal Society promotion of carpet industry
  - Sweetman, John (1987), ‘The oriental obsession : Islamic inspiration in British and American art and architecture 1500-1920’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
  p.274.

See Home Manuscripts

Top

SCHOOL

School

• By 900 All boys start elementary school
  - Artz F.B. (1980), ‘The Mind of the Middle Ages’; Third edition revised; The University of Chicago Press, p. 150.
• Nizamiya as the first formal school
  - Tritton, A.S. (1957), ‘Muslim Education in the Middle Ages’; The Muslim World; Luzac and Company, London, Vol 43; pp. 90-1.
  - Godard, A. (1965) `the Art of Iran', Allen & Unwin, New York.
• Ibn al-Hajj’s quote
  - Tritton, A.S. (1957), ‘Muslim Education in the Middle Ages’; The Muslim World; Luzac and Company, London, Vol 43; p.84
• Ibn Battuta Quote
  - Tim Mackintosh-Smith (2003), ‘The Travels of Ibn Battutah’, Picador.

Universities

• Pope Sylvester II, and Arabic numerals
  - Landu Rom (1967), `Afrique Mauresque’, Albin Michel, Paris, p.97
• At the al-Qarawiyin mosque university in Morocco students didn’t pay
  - Waardenburg, J. (1965), ‘Some institutional aspects of Muslim higher learning’, NVMEN, 12, pp.96-138.
• Arabic origin of Baccaleaureate
  - Latham J. D. (1972), ‘Arabic into Medieval Latin’ in Journal of Semitic Studies, vol.17, p. 38.
  - Ebied, R.Y and Young M. J. L., ‘New Light on the Origin of the term 'Baccalaureate', published in http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/baccalaureate.php
• First degree in the University of Paris
  - Halphen, L. (1950), ‘A travers l’histoire dv Moyen Age’, Paris, p. 304; 

Top

 The Professor’s Chair

• George Makdisi. The rise of colleges: institutions of learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.
• George Makdisi. “Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1961), 1-56.

Libraries

• The weight of translated book in Gold
  - Hill, D.R. (1993),‘Islamic Science and Engineering’, Edinburgh University Press. England. p.11.
• Cordoba Library had more than 600000 volumes and 40 catalogues
  - Gibbon E. Gibbon E.(1925), ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’; Methuen and Co Ltd; Vol.6; 1925 ed; p. 28.
  - Scott, S. P (1904), 'History of the Moorish Empire in Europe', 3 vols; J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London, vol.3, p.522.
  - Pedersen, J. (1984). ‘The Arabic Book’, translated by Geoffrey French; Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey, p.120
• Public Libraries in Spain
  - Scott, S. P(1904), ‘History of the Moorish Empire in Europe’, 3 vols; J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London, vol. 3, p. 470.
• Paris Library had 900 volumes
  - Le Bon G. (1884), ‘La Civilisation des Arabes’, IMAG; Syracuse; Italy; p. 343
• Grand Umayyad Mosque, contained a large book collection of which 10 000 volumes
  - M. Sibai, Mosque libraries, op cit, p 71
• Al-Zaytuna Mosque, contained a large book collection of more than 100 000 volumes
  - Abd al-Qadir. M `Al-Maktaba al-Tunusiya wa Inayatuha bi Almakhtut al-Arabi’, Majallat Mahad al-Makhtutat al- Arabyia 17 (May 1971): 179-87, p.186.
• Baghdad in 1258, had 36 libraries
  - Thompson, J.W. (1957), ‘The Medieval library’, Hafner Publishing Co., p. 351
• Gibbon reference to Sultan of Bukhara
  - Gibbon E. Gibbon E.(1925), ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’; Methuen and Co Ltd; Vol.6; 1925 ed; p. 28.
• Libraries and Muslim collection of books
  - Gibbon E. Gibbon E.(1925), ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’; Methuen and Co Ltd; Vol.6; 1925 ed; p. 28.
  - Shalaby, A. (1954), ‘History of Muslim Education’  Dar Al Kashaf, Beirut;; p 95
• Shiraz Library had 360 rooms
  - Al-Muqaddasi (1994), ‘The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions’, a translation of his Ahsan at-taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim by B.A. Collins, Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, Garnet Publishing Limited, Reading, p. 449.
• In 1950 the al-Azhar library had more than 120,000 volumes and was recorded in a sixty volume catalogue
  - Abu al-Wafa al-Maraghi (1955), ‘Al-Makhtutat fi al Maktaba al-Azhariya.’, Majallat Mahad al-Makhtutat al-Arabiya, vol. 1 (May 1955): 56-61.
• From libraries, people can borrow books
  - Pedersen, J. (1984). ‘The Arabic Book’, translated by Geoffrey French; Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey, p. 128.

Top

Mathematics

• Algebra and al-Khwarizmi
  - Arndt, A. (1994), ‘Al-Khwarizmi in From Five Fingers to Infinity’, Edited by F.J. Swetz; Open Court, Chicago, pp. 289-92.
  - Bosworth, C.E. (1978), ‘ Khwarizm; Encyclopaedia of Islam’; New series; Vol 4; pp. 1060-5.
  - Sarton, G.  (1927), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; in 3 vols; The Carnegie Institution; Washington.
  - Berggren, J.L. (1986), ‘Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam’, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  - Mahoney, M. S. (1978), ‘Mathematics’,  in David C. Lindberg (ed), Science in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 1978;pp 145-178.;p. 157.
• al-Karaji contribution, He was the first to give algebra the precise description
  - Rashed, R.(1986), ‘Al-Karkhi’, in Dictionary of the Middle Ages; vol 7; J.R. Strayer Editor in Chief; Charles Scribner’s Sons; New York; pp. 211-2.
  - Berggren, J.L.(1986), ‘Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam’, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
• Thabit ibn Qurra, best known for his contribution to number theory where he discovered a beautiful theorem allowing pairs of amicable numbers to be found
  - Dickson, L. E. (1919), ‘History of the Theory of Numbers’; Carnegie Institute of Washington, vol. 1, p. 5, 36.
• Fibonacci transmission of numerals
  - Burnett Charles (2005), ‘Leonard of Pisa (Fibonacci) and Arabic Arithmetic’, Muslimheritage.com, FSTC.
  - Roshdi Rashed, ‘Fibonacci et les mathématiques arabes’, in Micrologus 2, 1994, pp. 145-60.
• al-Karaji on the decimal system
  - Roshdi Rashed (1986), ‘Al-Karkhi’, in Dictionary of the Middle Ages; vol 7; J.R. Strayer Editor in Chief; Charles Scribner’s Sons; New York, pp. 211-2.
• On Al-Samawa’l and Al-Kashi contribution to decimal fractions
  - Swetz, F.J. (1994), ‘From Five Fingers to Infinity’; Open Court; Chicago, pp. 289-92.
  - Joseph, G.G. 1991, ‘The Crest of the Peacock’,  Penguin Books.
  - Berggren J.L. (1985), ‘History of Mathematics in The Islamic World: The Present State of The Art’.  Middle East Studies Association Bulletin  19 (1985), pp. 9-33.
  - Rashed R. (19940, ‘The Development of Arabic Mathematics:  between arithmetic and algebra’. Dordrecht:  Kluwer. 

Trigonometry

• Al-Battani was the first to use the expressions ‘sine’ and ‘cosine’, defining them as lengths,rather than the ratios we know them as today
  - Hitti, P.K. (1970), ‘History of the Arabs’, tenth edition, Mac Millan St Martin's Press, p. 572.
  - Nallino C.A, (1944), ‘Raccolta di scritti Editi e Inediti’, Roma.
• Al-Biruni, born in 973 CE, was among those who laid the foundation for modern Trigonometry
  - Saliba, G. (1982), ‘Al-Biruni’, , Dictionary of Middle; Edt Joseph Strayer; Vol 2. Charles Scribner’s Sons, new York. Pp. 248-52; at p.248.
• al-Khwarizmi, born in 780 CE, developed the sine, cosine and trigonometric tables, which were later translated to the West
  - Sarton, G.(1927), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; The Carnegie Institute; Washington; volume 3, p.8.
• al-Biruni in measuring the circumference of the Earth
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York; p. 244.
• Abu al-Wafa’ proved the familiar addition theorem for sines
  - Sarton, G.(1927), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; The Carnegie Institute; Washington; volume 1,p. 667.
  - Braunmuhl, Von A. (1900),‘Vorlesungen uber Geschichte der Trigonometrie’,  vol. 1, pp. 54-61.

Top

Chemistry

• Chemistry and the works of Arab chemists
  - G.M. Wickens: The Middle East as a world centre of science and medicine,' in Introduction to Islamic Civilisation, edited by R.M. Savory; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976; pp 111-8.
• The impact of Jabir Ibn Hayyan on Europe
  - Holmyard E.(1931), ‘Makers of Chemistry; Oxford at the Claredon Press, p. 57
• Arab Pharmacy
  - Martin Levey's "Early Arabic Pharmacology", 1973, Leiden: EJ Brill
• Al-Razi contribution to Chemistry
  - D.R. Hill: Islamic Science and Engineering; Edimburgh University Press; 1993; at p. 84.
  - Holmyard E.(1931), ‘Makers of Chemistry; Oxford at the Claredon Press,. pp.64- 66.
• Al-Kindi
  - Levey, M. (1973), ‘Early Arabic Pharmacology’; E. J. Brill; leiden, pp.68-70.

Geometry

• Sinan ibn Qurra contribution to mathematics
  - Berggren, J.L.(1986), ‘Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam’, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
• Abu al-Wafa
  - Sarton, G.(1927), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; The Carnegie Institute; Washington; volume 1,p. 667.
• Ikhwan al-Safa and the golden ratio
  - Zohor Shanan Idrisi (2005), 'Decoding and Demystifying Da Vinci', Muslimheritage.com, FSTC.

Top

Art and Arabesque

• Arabesque General
  - Dobree, B. (1920)'Arabic Art in Egypt', The Burlington Magazine, Vol.36, pp.31-35.
• Arabesque influence on Grotesque and Rococo
  - Kimball, F. (1943) `The creation of the Rococo’, New York: Dover, p.28.
  - Ward, P.J. (1967) `Some mainstreams and tributaries in European ornament’, in Bulletin of the Victoria and Albert Museum, part 1 and 2.
• Arabesque influence on Da vinci and Durer
  - Christie, A.H. (1929) 'Traditional Methods of Pattern Desgning', revised edition, Oxford.
• Calligraphy influence on European art
  - Christie, A.H. (1922) `Development of Ornament from Arabic Script’, Burlington Magazine, XLI, pp.2867-288.
  - Lethaby, W.R. (I 904) 'Medieval Art: from the peace of the church to the eve of the renaissance' Duckworth and Co., London, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, vol.4.

The Scribe

• Calligraphy influence on Europe,in France (le Puy)
  - Lethaby, W.R. (I 904) 'Medieval Art: from the peace of the church to the eve of the renaissance' Duckworth and Co., London, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, vol.4.
• Irish Sword with Arabic calligraphy
  - Sir Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume (1931), ‘The Legacy of Islam’, first edition, Oxford University Press.

Top

Story Corner

• The Story of Hayy ibn Yaqzan’ and its connection with Robinson Crusoe,
  - Kocache Riad (ed.) (1982),‘ Journey of the Soul’ by ibn Tufail (Hai bin Yaqzan),  Octagon Press London.
  - Metlizki, D. (1977), ‘The Matter of Araby in Medieval England’, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.

Translating Knowledge

• Daniel of Morley Quotation
  - Burnett, C. (1997), ‘The Introduction of Arabic learning into England’. The Panizzi Lectures, 1996. The British Library, London, pp.61-2.
• The role of Toledo as the centre of translation
  - Haskins, C.H. (1967), ‘ Studies in the history of Mediaeval Science’; Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. New York,p.18.
• On Christian Translators
  - Sarton, G. (1927-47), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; In 3 vols; The Carnegie Institution of Washington; Baltimore.

European Universities

• Church based schools and universities in Europe
  - Sarton, G. (1927-47), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; In 3 vols; The Carnegie Institution of Washington; Baltimore, vol. 2, p.351.
• Islamic learning in European Universities
  - Haskins, C.H. (1967), ‘ Studies in the history of Mediaeval Science’; Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. New York.
  - Burnett, C. (1997), ‘The Introduction of Arabic learning into England’. The Panizzi Lectures, 1996. The British Library, London.
• Influence of Islamic teaching system
  - George Makdisi (1980), 'On the origin and development of the college in Islam and the West', in Islam and the Medieval West, ed. Khalil I. Semaan, State University of New York Press/Albany.

See School Manuscripts

Top

MARKET

Agriculture

• Agricultural Revolution and its diffusion
  - Watson, A.M (1974), ‘The Arab agricultural revolution and its diffusion’,  in The Journal of Economic History, 34, pp. 11, 14.
• Agricultural production
  - Lombard, M. (1971), ‘The Golden Age of Islam’,  Flammarion Paris. p. 187/188.
  Muslim contribution to Irrigation
  - R.J. Forbes: Studies in Ancient technology; vol II, second revised edition, Leiden, E.J Brill, 1965, p. 49.
• Scientific Adaptation in agriculture
  - Bolens, L. (1997), `Agriculture’ in Encyclopaedia of the history of Science, technology, and Medicine in Non Western Cultures, Editor: Helaine Selin; Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London, pp 20-2, at p. 20.
• Globalisation of crops
  - Wickens, G.M.(1976), ‘What the West borrowed from the Middle east’, in Introduction to Islamic Civilisation, edited by R.M. Savory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 120-5.
  - Baron Carra de Vaux (1921), ‘Les Penseurs de l'Islam’, vol 2, Librairie Paul Geuthner, pp.309-19. 
• Agricultural innovations, new crops introduced and Rotation System
  - Watson, A.M (1983), ‘ Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World’, Cambridge University Press. p. 107.
  - Glick, T.(1979), ‘Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages’, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1979. p. 78.
• New landownership approach
  - Watson, A.M (1983), ‘ Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World’, Cambridge University Press. p. 107.

Top

Farming Manuals & Ecological Balance

• Ibn Bassal classification of soils
  - Millas Vallicrosa (1960), ‘Sobre la obra de agricultura de Ibn Bassal,' in Nuevos estudios sobre historia de la ciencia espanola (Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, pp 139-40.
  - Ibn Bassal (ed.1953) Libro de agricultura, Jose M.Millas Vallicrosa and Mohammed Azinan eds, Tetuan: instituto Muley al-hasan,.
• On Ibn al-Awwam farming manual
  - Ibn Al-Awwam: Le Livre de l'Agriculture  d'In al-Awwam, tr. from Arabic by J.J. Clement-Mullet, Vol. I, Paris 1864.
  - Charbonneau, A. (1946), ‘Kitab al-Filaha of Al-Ichbili’, in Bulletin d’Etudes Arabes, vol.6, pp.130-144.
• Calendar of Cordoba
  - Provencal, E. Levi (1953), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, 3 vols;  Maisonneuve, Paris, pp. 289-90.
• Fertilisation techniques and pigeon Dung
  - Watson, A.M (1983), ‘ Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World’, Cambridge University Press. p. 125 and p. 203.
  - William Greaves (1974), ‘Iran, Desert Miracle’, in National Geographic Magazine, January 1975, National Geographic Society, pp.2-47

Water Management

• Water management system
  - Goonalons, L. (1943), ‘La Clepsydre de Beni Abbes’, in Bulletin d’Etudes Arabes, vol 3, pp 35-7.

Top

Raising Water

• Noria as the basic irrigation system
  - Guichard, P. (1991), ‘L’Espagne et la Sicile Musulmanes aux XIè et XIIème Siècles’- Presses Universitaires de Lyon, p. 52
• Al-Jazari Water raising machines
  - D. R. Hill, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, Dordrecht, Boston, 1974.
• Taqi al-Din’s Six-Cylinder Pump
  - Hill, D.R (1993), ‘.Islamic science and engineering’, Edimburgh University Press.

Dams

• Dams
  - Schnitter, N.J. (1994), ‘A History of dams’; A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
  - Smith, N. (1971), ‘A History of Dams’, The Chaucer Press, London.
  - Hill, D.R (1993), ‘.Islamic science and engineering’, Edimburgh University Press.
• Smith Quote
  - Smith, N. (1971), ‘A History of Dams’, The Chaucer Press, London, p. 75.

Windmill

• Caliph Umar building a Windmill
  - Forbes R.J. (1965), ‘Studies in Ancient technology’; vol II, second revised edition, Leiden, E.J Brill, p. 114.
• Windmill Technology and construction
  - Hill, D.R (1993), ‘.Islamic science and engineering’, Edimburgh University Press, pp 114-6.
  - Hill, Donald R. (1996), ‘A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times’, Routledge,

Top

Trade

• Salt and Gold trade in the Sahara
  - Trimingham J. Spencer (1980), ‘The Influence of Islam upon Africa’; Longman, Librairie du Liban; second edition, p.38.
• Muslim trade
  - Artz F.B. (1980), ‘The Mind of the Middle Ages’; Third edition revised; The University of Chicago Press
  - Bovill, E.W. (1970), ‘The Golden Trade of the Moors’; Oxford; 1970.
  - Cook-M.A.(1970) ‘Studies on the economic history of the Middle East’; Oxford.
• Muslim Commercial centres
  - Lopez R.S.& I.W. Raymond (1955), ‘Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World’; Oxford University Press, pp. 52-3.

Commercial Chemistry

• On laboratory instruments
  - Singer C.J. et al (1956), ‘History of Technology’; 5 vols; Oxford at the Clarendon; vol 2. pp. 753-777.
  - F.B.Artz: The Mind; op cit; pp. 165-6.
• On the contribution of Ibn Hayyan
  - Artz, F. B. (1980), ‘The Mind of the Middle Ages’, third edition revised. The University
  of Chicago Press.
  - Holmyard E.(1931), ‘Makers of Chemistry; Oxford at the Claredon Press, p.59
• Al-Kindi quote
  - Ya’qub ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi, Kitab al-Taraffuq fial-`itr, MS Topkapi Sarai, Istanbul, No. 62-1992, folios, pp. 140-141
• Ibn Badis on Silver filling
  - Ibn Badis, Kitab `umdat al-kuttab wa `uddat dhawi al-albab, MS of Egyptian Public Library, folio 73b 73a.

Top

Textile Industry

• Muslim Silk reaches Beatrix
  - Migeon, G. (1927), ‘Manuel d’Art Musulman, Vol. 2, Les Arts Plastiques et Industriels’, Picard, Pris, p. 320.
• Cordoban textile and weavers (3000)
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York;  p 298.
• Muslims introduced crops and industry to Europe
  - Heyd W. (1967), ‘ Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age’, A.M.Hakkert Editor; Amsterdam
• The introduction of Kiswa to Kaaba
  - Whelan E. (1988), ‘Textiles’, in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Charles Scribner´ s Sons, New York, vol.11, p. 716
• Centres of production and their textiles
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York;p.278.
• Queen Eleanor of Castile brings carpets to England in 1255
  - Boase, T. S. R. (Thomas Sherrer Ross), (1953), ‘English art, 1100-1216’, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 170.
• England getting 3000 bales of textile from the shah
  - Clair Alexandrine N St (1973), ‘The image of the Turk in Europe’, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
• Royal Anne bringing silk and the attempt to establish a silk industry
  - Willson, D. H. (1956), ‘King James VI and I’, Jonathan Cape, London, p.331.
• Textiles introduced into Europe
  - Durant, W.(1950), ‘The Age of Faith’, Simon and Shuster, New York;p.278.

Top

Paper

• Paper introduced to Muslims by the Chinese
  - Wiet, J. W. G., Elisseeff, V., Wolff, P.; and Naudu, J. (1975), ‘History of Mankind’; Volume 3,  Trans from the French; George Allen & Unwin Ltd,  UNESCO, p.331.
• Paper trail from the East to Europe and England
  Hunter, D. (1947), ‘Papermaking: the History and technique of an ancient craft’; Pleiades Books; London.
• Paper and its impact on book production, quote
  Pedersen, J. (1984). ‘The Arabic Book’, translated by Geoffrey French; Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey, p.59.

Pottery

• Luster production is a Muslim invention
  - Lane, A. (1947) `Early Islamic Pottery', Faber and Faber, London.
• Pottery: Muslim innovation in pottery
  - Lane, A. (1947) `Early Islamic Pottery', Faber and Faber, London.,
  - Lane, A. (1957), ‘Later Islamic Pottery, Persia, Syria, Egypt, Turkey’, Faber and Faber
• Islamic influence on British pottery
  - Archer, M and Morgan, B. (1977), ‘Fair as China dishes’, International Exhibitions Foundation, Washington DC, cat.21.
  - Archer M. (1982) `The dating of Delftware Chargers’, in Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle ,vol.11, p.11
• Moorish pottery in England
  - Van de Put, (1938) ‘The Valencian Styles of Hispano-Moresque pottery’, the Hispanic society of America, New York, p.18
  - Hurst, J.C. (1977)`Spanish pottery imported into Medieval Britain', in Medieval Archaeology, vol.21, pp68-105.
• Canterbury Pottery findings
  - Longmarket Pottery
• The Moorish origin of Maiolica ware
  - Drury C. and Fortnum, E.  (1892) ‘Maiolica’, Chapman & Hall, London, quoted by E.A. Barber, (1915), Hispano Moresque Pottery', The Hispanic Society of America, New York, pp25-.26.
  - Sweetman, John (1987), ‘The oriental obsession : Islamic inspiration in British and American art and architecture 1500-1920’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Top

Glass Industry

• Glass was produced in Egypt in 8th century
  - Whitehouse,  D (1985), ‘Glass’,  in Dictionary of the Middle Ages; J.R.Strayer Editor in Chief; Charles Scribner’s Sons; New York; vol. 5; pp. 545-8; p.546.
• Glass goblets found in Leon
  - Glick, T.(1979), ‘Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages’, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p. 241.
• Impact of glass industry on Europe
  - Ettinghausen, R (. Muslim Decorative Arts and Painting their nature and impact on the Medieval West. In S.Feber: Islam and the Medieval West; op cit;
• Abbas Ibn Firnas discovery of crystal
  - Glick, T.(1979), ‘Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages’, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p. 241.
  - Teres, Elias (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, 25:1.
  - See Levi Provincal, E. (1950), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, Vol.1. Maison neuve, Paris, p.274.
• Crystal glasses first introduced by Zryab
  - Levi Provincal, E. (1950), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, Vol.1. Maison neuve, Paris, p.274.
  - Terrace, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.Teres, Elias, (1960), 'Abbas ibn Firnas’, Al-Andalus, vol.25: No.1.
• Ibn Firnas made planetarium with glass
  - Levi Provincal, E. (1950), ‘Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane’, Vol.1. Maison neuve, Paris, p.274

Top

Pearl industry

• Muslim pearl industry/ and industry in general
  - Wiet, J. W. G., Elisseeff, V., Wolff, P.; and Naudu, J. (1975), ‘History of Mankind’; Volume 3,  Trans from the French; George Allen & Unwin Ltd,  UNESCO.
• Ibn Battuta Quote
  - Tim Mackintosh-Smith (2003), ‘The Travels of Ibn Battutah’, Picador.

Checkout

• Muslim coins
  Wijdan Ali, (1999), ‘The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art from the 7th-15th Centuries’, The American University in Cairo Press & The Royal Society of Fine Arts, Jordan.
• Saqq and cheque
  - Udovitch, A.L. (1989), ‘Trade’, in the Dictionary of the Middle Ages;  J.R.Strayer Editor in Chief; Charles Scribner’s Sons; New York;  Vol. 12; pp. 105-8p. 106. 
  - Udovitch, A.L.(1979), ‘Bankers without banks; The dawn of modern banking’; New. Haven; Yale University Press.

King Offa

• Carlyon-Britton P W P (1908),‘The Gold Mancus Of Offa, King Of Mercia’, The British Numismatic Journal & The Proceedings Of The British Numismatic Society, First Series, Volume V, pp. 55-72.

See Market Manuscripts

Top

HOSPITAL

Hospital development

• Hitti, P.K. (1970), ‘History of the Arabs’, tenth edition, Mac Millan St Martin's Press, p. 365
• Hamarneh, S.K. (1983), ‘Health Sciences in early Islam’, 2 vols, edited by M.A. Anees, vol I, Noor Health Foundation and Zahra Publications.
• Surty, M.I.H. I.(1996), ‘Muslim Contribution to the development of hospitals’; Published by Quranic Arabic Foundation; Birmingham.

Teaching Hospitals

• Hamarneh, S.K. (1983), ‘Health Sciences in early Islam’, 2 vols, edited by M.A. Anees, vol I, Noor Health Foundation and Zahra Publications.

Instruments of Perfection

• Spink, M. S. and Lewis, G. L. (1973), ‘Albucasis On Surgery and Instruments’, The Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, London.
• Leclerk quote
  - Lecrlerc Lucien (1877), ‘L’Histoire de la Medicine Arabe’, Paris, vol.1 p.456

Top

Surgery

• Surgery
  - Hamidan Zohir (1993), ‘Abu-Al-Qassim Al-Zahrawi ; the Founder of Science of Surgery’, in Arabic, Dar Magallat Al-Thaqafa, Damascus.
  - Hamareh S K (1983), ‘The Genius of Arab Civilisation’ edited by J R Hayes; 2nd edition, Eurabia (Publishing) Ltd; pp 198-200
• On Urinary stone and related surgery
  - Springle, cited by Khairallah,A.(1946), ‘Introduction to Study of Contribution of Arabs To Medicine and Related Sciences’, .American Press, Beirut,.
  - http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=314
• Ibn Sina quote on bladder stones
  - Ibn Sina, al-qanun cited in http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=314
• Ibn Sina on Cancer
  - Sanagustin: F. (1986), ‘La Chirurgie dans le canon de la Medicine’, in Arabica; vol. 33, pp. 84-122.

Blood circulation

• discovered by Ibn nafis
  - Keys, T.E. and Wakim, K.G. (1953), ‘Contributions of the Arabs to medicine’. Proceedings of the staff meet. Mayo Clinic;28:423-37.
  - Paul Ghalioungui (1970), ‘Ibn Nafis’, in Studies in the Arabic Heritage, Ministry of information of Kuwait.
  - Max Meyerhof (1935), ‘Ibn an-Nafis and his Theory of the Lesser Circulation’, in  ISIS, vo.23, 112
• Andrea Alpago of Belluno translated some of Ibn Nafis’ work
  - Coppola ED. The discovery of the pulmonary circulation: A new approach. Bull Hist Med 1957;31:44-77.

Top

Ibn Sina's Bone Fractures

• Fractures
  - Apley AG, Solomon L . (1982), ‘Apley's system of orthopedic and fractures’, Butterworth & Co.,Ltd., London, p. 344
• Bennet,s fracture
  - Abdul Nasser Kaadan (2005), ‘Bone Fracture in Ibn Sina’s Medicine’, in
  http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=546
• The use of al-Qanun in Louvain and Montpellier and Brussels University
  - Abdul Nasser Kaadan (2005), ‘Bone Fracture in Ibn Sina’s Medicine’, in
  http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=546

Notebook of the Oculist

• Muslim Ophthalmology textbooks and schoars
  - Wickens: G.M. (1976), ‘The Middle East as a world center of science and medicine’; in Introduction to Islamic Civilisation, edited by R.M. Savory; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976; pp 111-8.
  - Hirschberg, J. Lippert, J., and Mittwoch, E. (1905), ‘Die arabischen Lehrbucher der Augenheilkunde’, Abhdl. Der preussischen Akademie.
• Al-Mosuli and his cataract operation
  - Dr. Ibrahim Shaikh (2001), ‘Eye specialists in Islam’, in
  http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=222
  - Hirschberg, J. Lippert, J., and Mittwoch, E. (1905), ‘Die arabischen Lehrbucher der Augenheilkunde’, Abhdl. Der preussischen Akademie.
• Translated works on ophthalmology into Latin
  - Farag F. R.: Why Europe responded to the Muslims; in Arabica, vol XXV, pp. 292-308. at p. 300.
• Quote on Ali Ibn Isa work on the disease of the eye
  - Cyril Elgood, (1951), ‘A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Work of al-Ghafiqi on ophthalmology
  - Sarton, G.(1927), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; The Carnegie Institute; Washington, Vol 2;  p. 424
• Transmission/ and Translation  of medical knowledge to Europe
  - Micheau, F. (2000), ‘La Transmisison a l’Occident Chretien: Les traductions medievales de l’Arabe au Latin’; in  J.C.Garcin et al (eds): Etats, Societes et Cultures du Monde Musulman medieval; vo2; Presses Universitaires de France; Paris, pp. 399-420.
  - Sarton, G.(1927), ‘Introduction to the History of Science’; The Carnegie Institute; Washington, vol.1.
• Transfer of vaccination to Europe
  - Sari N. andZülfikar B. (1992), ‘The Paracelusian Influence on Ottoman Medicine in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in Transfer of Modern Science & Technology to the Muslim World, ed. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Istanbul, pp. 157-179.
  - Anthony Henricy, (1796), ‘Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters of the Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Written During her Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa. . . , vol. 1 (Aix:), pp. 167-69; letter 36, to Mrs. S. C. from Adrianople, n.d.

Top

Herbal Medicine

• Ibn Sina listed 142 properties of herbal remedies
  - Kamal Muhammad Habib (1969), ‘Ibn al-aitham: A Hierophant Of Scientific Rationalisation’, in Hakim Mohammed Said, (ed.), Ibn Al-Haitham, Proceedings of the Celebrations of 1000 th Anniversary, held under the Auspices of Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan, p.316.
• Botanical gardens in Cordoba
  - Encyclopaedia of Islam (1986), New edition: Leiden; E.J. Brill: Vol 2, p. 902.
• More on botany and herbal medicine
  - Zohor Idrisi (2006), The Muslim Agricultural Revolution’, in http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=515

Pharmacy

• Sabur Ibn Sahl contribution to pharmacology
  - Ronan, C. (1983), ‘Arabian Science’, in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World’s Science; Cambridge University Press, pp 201-44, p. 239.
• Al-Zahrawi contribution to pharmacology
  - Sherwood F. Taylor (1957), ‘A History of Industrial chemistry’,  Heinmann, London, 1957; p.141.
  Levey, M. (1973), ‘ Early Arabic Pharmacology’; E. J. Brill; leiden.
• Ibn al-Mwaffaq contribution
  - Holmyard E.(1931), ‘Makers of Chemistry; Oxford at the Claredon Press p.68.
• 13th Century European pharmacists showing Muslim influence
  - Levey, M. (1973), ‘ Early Arabic Pharmacology’; E. J. Brill; leiden, pp 175-6.
• Ibn al-Wafid work in Europe
  - Meyerhof Max (1931), ‘Science and medicine’, in The Legacy of Islam, edited by Sir T. Arnold and A. Guillaume; first edition, Oxford University Press, pp 311-55; at pp 331-2.
• Ibn al-Baytar describing 3000 botanical simples
  - Vernet J. andSamso J.(1996), ‘Development of Muslim Agriculture’ in  Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science; R. Rashed Edition; Routledge; London;; ,  op cit, pp 271-2.
• The impact of Sladin of Ascolo on European pharmacy
  - Levey, M. (1973), ‘ Early Arabic Pharmacology’; E. J. Brill; leiden, p. 175.
• London Dispensatory’ showed Muslim influence
  - Levey, M. (1973), ‘ Early Arabic Pharmacology’; E. J. Brill; leiden, p. 176.

Top

European Medicine

• The role of Constantine the African
  - Charles Singer (1917), ‘A Legend of Salerno. How Constantine Brought the Art of Medicine to the Christians’; Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, vol. 28, pp. 64-9.
• Articella’ or ‘Ars medicinae’ accepted the translated work of Traveller’s Provision of Ibn al-Jazzar
  - Ullmann, Die Medizin imIslam, 147-9t., 147-8;
• Impact of Avicenna on Albert the Great, St Thomas and other western scholars
  - Spirituality Today, Autumn (1987),‘Albert the Great by M. Albert Hughes, O.P Doctor Universalis’, Vol. 39,  Supplement chapter 6.
• Editions of Gerard of Cremona translation of al-Tasrif published at Venice in 1497, at Basel in 1541 and Oxford in 1778
  - Hitti, P.K. (1970), ‘History of the Arabs’, tenth edition, Mac Millan St Martin's Press, p. 577.
• Frederick II, H sent Michael Scott to Cordoba to obtain works of Ibn Sina
  - Briffault R. (1928), ‘The Making of Humanity’, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, p. 213.

See Hospital Manuscripts

Top

Page 1 2

 
Click here for a list of Manuscripts referenced...

Click here for a list of Image Credits...

Click here for Organisations and People involved...